Optimal. Leaf size=423 \[ -\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}-\frac {\left (i+\sqrt {3}\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1+\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )}}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (i-\sqrt {3}\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1+\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )}}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}} \]
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Rubi [A]
time = 0.25, antiderivative size = 423, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps
used = 16, number of rules used = 10, integrand size = 16, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.625, Rules used = {1382, 1518,
12, 1388, 298, 31, 648, 631, 210, 642} \begin {gather*} -\frac {\left (\sqrt {3}+i\right ) \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {1+\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )}}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (-\sqrt {3}+i\right ) \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {1+\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )}}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {1}{4 x^4}+\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (2^{2/3} x^2+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+\left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )^{2/3}\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (2^{2/3} x^2+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+\left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )^{2/3}\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {1}{x}-\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (-\sqrt [3]{2} x+\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (-\sqrt [3]{2} x+\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}} \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 12
Rule 31
Rule 210
Rule 298
Rule 631
Rule 642
Rule 648
Rule 1382
Rule 1388
Rule 1518
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \frac {1}{x^5 \left (1-x^3+x^6\right )} \, dx &=-\frac {1}{4 x^4}+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {4-4 x^3}{x^2 \left (1-x^3+x^6\right )} \, dx\\ &=-\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}-\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {4 x^4}{1-x^3+x^6} \, dx\\ &=-\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}-\int \frac {x^4}{1-x^3+x^6} \, dx\\ &=-\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}+\frac {1}{6} \left (-3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {x}{-\frac {1}{2}-\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}+x^3} \, dx-\frac {1}{6} \left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {x}{-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}+x^3} \, dx\\ &=-\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}+-\frac {\left (-3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {-\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )}+x}{\left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {1}{-\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )}+x} \, dx}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {-\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )}+x}{\left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {1}{-\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )}+x} \, dx}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}\\ &=-\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}-\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}+-\frac {\left (-3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )}+2 x}{\left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {1}{12} \left (-3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )}+2 x}{\left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {1}{12} \left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx\\ &=-\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}-\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}+-\frac {\left (-3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}\\ &=-\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}-\frac {\left (i+\sqrt {3}\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1+\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )}}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (i-\sqrt {3}\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1+\frac {2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )}}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}-\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3+i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt {3}}}+\frac {\left (3-i \sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt {3}}}\\ \end {align*}
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Mathematica [C] Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3 in
optimal.
time = 0.01, size = 54, normalized size = 0.13 \begin {gather*} -\frac {1}{4 x^4}-\frac {1}{x}-\frac {1}{3} \text {RootSum}\left [1-\text {$\#$1}^3+\text {$\#$1}^6\&,\frac {\log (x-\text {$\#$1}) \text {$\#$1}^2}{-1+2 \text {$\#$1}^3}\&\right ] \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Maple [C] Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order
3.
time = 0.02, size = 51, normalized size = 0.12
method | result | size |
risch | \(\frac {-x^{3}-\frac {1}{4}}{x^{4}}+\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\RootOf \left (27 \textit {\_Z}^{6}-9 \textit {\_Z}^{3}+1\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (-27 \textit {\_R}^{5}+6 \textit {\_R}^{2}+x \right )\right )}{3}\) | \(46\) |
default | \(-\frac {1}{4 x^{4}}-\frac {1}{x}-\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\RootOf \left (\textit {\_Z}^{6}-\textit {\_Z}^{3}+1\right )}{\sum }\frac {\textit {\_R}^{4} \ln \left (x -\textit {\_R} \right )}{2 \textit {\_R}^{5}-\textit {\_R}^{2}}\right )}{3}\) | \(51\) |
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {Failed to integrate} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [B] Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 1034 vs.
\(2 (277) = 554\).
time = 0.44, size = 1034, normalized size = 2.44 \begin {gather*} \text {Too large to display} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [A]
time = 0.08, size = 39, normalized size = 0.09 \begin {gather*} \operatorname {RootSum} {\left (19683 t^{6} - 243 t^{3} + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (- 6561 t^{5} + 54 t^{2} + x \right )} \right )\right )} + \frac {- 4 x^{3} - 1}{4 x^{4}} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [B] Both result and optimal contain complex but leaf count of result is larger than twice
the leaf count of optimal. 839 vs. \(2 (277) = 554\).
time = 4.28, size = 839, normalized size = 1.98 \begin {gather*} \text {Too large to display} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Mupad [B]
time = 1.59, size = 318, normalized size = 0.75 \begin {gather*} \frac {\ln \left (-x+\left (162\,x+\frac {27\,{\left (36+\sqrt {3}\,12{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{2/3}}{4}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{162}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{486}\right )\right )\,{\left (36+\sqrt {3}\,12{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{1/3}}{18}+\frac {\ln \left (-x-\left (162\,x+\frac {27\,{\left (36-\sqrt {3}\,12{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{2/3}}{4}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{162}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{486}\right )\right )\,{\left (36-\sqrt {3}\,12{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{1/3}}{18}-\frac {x^3+\frac {1}{4}}{x^4}-\frac {2^{2/3}\,\ln \left (x+\frac {2^{1/3}\,3^{2/3}\,{\left (3-\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{2/3}}{12}-\frac {2^{1/3}\,3^{1/6}\,{\left (3-\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{2/3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{4}\right )\,{\left (3-\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{1/3}\,\left (3^{1/3}-3^{5/6}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{36}-\frac {2^{2/3}\,\ln \left (x+\frac {2^{1/3}\,3^{2/3}\,{\left (3+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{2/3}}{12}+\frac {2^{1/3}\,3^{1/6}\,{\left (3+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{2/3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{4}\right )\,{\left (3+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{1/3}\,\left (3^{1/3}+3^{5/6}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{36}-\frac {2^{2/3}\,\ln \left (x-\frac {2^{1/3}\,3^{2/3}\,{\left (3-\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{2/3}}{6}\right )\,{\left (3-\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{1/3}\,\left (3^{1/3}+3^{5/6}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{36}-\frac {2^{2/3}\,\ln \left (x-\frac {2^{1/3}\,3^{2/3}\,{\left (3+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{2/3}}{6}\right )\,{\left (3+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}^{1/3}\,\left (3^{1/3}-3^{5/6}\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{36} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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